Potting mix is known to carry harmful bacteria and fungi. And there have been reports of deaths from diseases, such as the Legionnaires' disease (a lung infection), that have been attributed to bacteria in potting mix.
Many bacteria and fungi that can cause infections in people live in soil and water. So it's not surprising that potting mix can also have in it bacteria and fungi that may on occasion cause harm to people, and in rare cases even kill them. But it's important to note that, overall, the risk is very low.
Fertilizing more than plants
Potting mix is usually a mixture of inorganic and organic material. It's also often at a higher temperature compared to soil because of where and how it's stored, so it retains heat for longer. Bacteria and fungi generally grow better and reach higher numbers when they are in moist and warm environments.
If bacteria or fungi are already present in low numbers, they can quickly grow to very high numbers in optimal conditions. This includes many bacteria in soil that can cause problems in people -- such as strains of nocardia (causes nocardiosis, an infection of the lungs or whole body), legionella (causes Legionnaires' disease), and clostridium (causes tetanus).
Numerous fungi can also be present in soil and potting mix. In certain areas of the world, soil contains fungi that can invade if inhaled and cause disease. These include the lung infection histoplasmosis, which is caused by a fungus that lives mainly in parts of the United States, but also in some parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
Protecting ourselves
The risk to most people of becoming infected with any of these bacterial or fungal diseases is very low. Disease is more likely to be a risk when the micro-organisms are present in very high numbers.
Bacteria or fungi also need to be introduced into our bodies to cause disease. This usually happens through inhalation, where the organisms go into the lungs. It can also occur through the skin, such as with the chronic fungal infection sporotrichosis, also known as "rose gardener's disease". If, for any reason, micro-organisms are present in high numbers, then the exposure and risk will be higher.
There are many things we can do to protect ourselves from introducing bacteria or fungi into our bodies. The most essential is basic hygiene.
If people smoke, eat or drink without first washing their hands, they are at an increased risk of legionella infection from potting mix. This implies direct inhalation isn't the only way for the bacteria to enter the body, but that oral intake of micro-organisms via contaminated hands is also a risk.
Another added protection measure is wearing gloves. This doesn't mean you should then not wash your hands before eating. A physical barrier in addition to washing hands obviously provides better protection.
Masks can be worn in high-risk situations, such as when opening a bag of potting mix. Directing the bag away from the gardener when opened, and being in a well-ventilated area, will decrease any inhalation risk.
Signs of infection
People who have a lower immunity, such as those with diseases such as HIV or lymphoma, are more at risk of catching something from potting mix. So it's even more important they use extra appropriate precautions, including wearing masks when in higher-risk situations.
The symptoms or signs of infection acquired from soil or potting mix depend on where the infection is and what micro-organism is causing it. With potting mix, the main worry is legionella longbeachae. This generally causes a lung infection such as pneumonia.
Symptoms can initially be fever, aches and pains, which are fairly general of illness. But as the infection involves more of the respiratory tract, cough, shortness of breath and/or pain on breathing may develop.
While potting-mix-linked legionella infections are uncommon, cases have occurred in countries including Australia, Japan and the US.
So, if people develop symptoms that are ongoing and have had recent exposure to potting mix within the incubation period (two to ten days after exposure), they need to seek medical help and make it clear to that person that they were worried about potting mix being involved.
It's important to note the potting mix connection because antibiotics needed to kill legionella are different to standard penicillin-like antibiotics often used to treat pneumonia acquired in the community.
Overall, though, we need to keep these risks in perspective. Millions of people garden and all will be exposed to soil and/or potting mix. Very few of these infections occur in Australia and elsewhere. Fairly simple provisions such as washing hands, wearing gloves and -- where necessary -- wearing a mask will ensure rates of infection remain low.
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