Conjoined twins are physically connected to one another at some point on their bodies.
About 70% of conjoined twins are female.
Conjoined twins are identical - they are the same sex.
The form of conjoined twinning refers to the point where the twins are joined. The top five, starting with the most frequent: thoracopagus (heart, liver, intestine), omphalopagus (liver, biliary tree, intestine), pygopagus (spine, rectum, genitourinary tract), ischiopagus (pelvis, liver, intestine, genitourinary tract), and craniopagus (brain, meninges). (Mayo Clinic)
Scientists believe that conjoined twins develop from a single fertilized egg that fails to separate completely as it divides.
The term "Siamese twins" originated with Eng and Chang Bunker, a set of conjoined twins who were born in Siam (now Thailand) in 1811. They lived to age 63 and appeared in traveling exhibitions. Chang and Eng both married and fathered a total of 21 children between them.
In 1955, neurosurgeon Dr. Harold Voris of Mercy Hospital in Chicago performed the first successful procedure separating conjoined twins joined at the head.
Selected Cases:
Lea and Tabea Block
Born August 9, 2003, in Lemgo, Germany, to Peter and Nelly Block. They are joined at the head.
Born August 9, 2003, in Lemgo, Germany, to Peter and Nelly Block. They are joined at the head.
September 16, 2004 - The girls are separated. Tabea dies shortly thereafter.
Jade and Erin Buckles
Born February 26, 2004, to Melissa and Kevin Buckles at National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. They share a liver.
Born February 26, 2004, to Melissa and Kevin Buckles at National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. They share a liver.
June 19, 2004 - They are successfully separated.
Tatiana and Anastasia Dogaru
Born January 13, 2004, in Rome to Romanian parents Claudia and Alin Dogaru. They are connected at the head.
Born January 13, 2004, in Rome to Romanian parents Claudia and Alin Dogaru. They are connected at the head.
June 7, 2007 - Scheduled surgery to separate the girls is halted after doctors notice brain swelling in one of the girls.
August 2007 - Doctors at University Hospital's Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital in Cleveland announce that they will not proceed with separation of the girls because the surgery is too risky.
Abbigail and Isabelle Carlsen
Born November 29, 2005, in Fargo, North Dakota, to Amy and Jesse Carlsen. They are joined at the abdomen and chest.
Born November 29, 2005, in Fargo, North Dakota, to Amy and Jesse Carlsen. They are joined at the abdomen and chest.
May 12, 2006 - A team of 30 people, including 18 surgeons from various specialties at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota perform a successful operation to separate the girls.
Regina and Renata Salinas Fierros
Born August 2, 2005, in Los Angeles to Sonia Fierros and Federico Salinas. Born facing each other and joined from the lower chest to the pelvis, they are fused in several places including the liver and genitals, and they share a large intestine. Regina is born with one kidney.
Born August 2, 2005, in Los Angeles to Sonia Fierros and Federico Salinas. Born facing each other and joined from the lower chest to the pelvis, they are fused in several places including the liver and genitals, and they share a large intestine. Regina is born with one kidney.
June 14, 2006 - The twins are separated during a day-long surgery at Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
Abygail and Madysen Fitterer
Born August 8, 2006, to Stacy and Suzy Fitterer from Bismarck, North Dakota. They are born joined at the abdomen and share a liver.
Born August 8, 2006, to Stacy and Suzy Fitterer from Bismarck, North Dakota. They are born joined at the abdomen and share a liver.
January 3, 2007 - Separated in a surgery at the Mayo Clinic.
Preslee Faith and Kylee Hope Wells
Born October 25, 2008, in Oklahoma City to Stevie Stewart and Kylie Wells. They are attached at the chest and are believed to be the first Native American conjoined twins.
Born October 25, 2008, in Oklahoma City to Stevie Stewart and Kylie Wells. They are attached at the chest and are believed to be the first Native American conjoined twins.
January 19, 2009 - Separated at Children's Hospital at OU Medical Center in Oklahoma City. Both survive but are listed in critical condition after the surgery.
February 19, 2011- Preslee Faith Wells dies at The Children's Center in Bethany, Oklahoma.
Arthur and Heitor Rocha Brandao
Born April 2009 in Bahia, Brazil, to Eliane and Delson Rocha. They are joined at the hip and share a bladder, intestines, liver and genitals. The twins only have three legs between them.
Born April 2009 in Bahia, Brazil, to Eliane and Delson Rocha. They are joined at the hip and share a bladder, intestines, liver and genitals. The twins only have three legs between them.
February 24, 2015 - The five-year-old twins undergo a 15-hour separation surgery after months of preparation. Arthur dies three days later after he suffers cardiac arrest.
Angelica and Angelina Sabuco
Born August 2009 in the Philippines to Fidel and Ginady Sabuco. They are joined at the chest and abdomen.
Born August 2009 in the Philippines to Fidel and Ginady Sabuco. They are joined at the chest and abdomen.
November 1, 2011 - Are successfully separated after a 10-hour surgery at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital in San Jose, California.
Hassan and Hussein Benhaffaf
Born December 2, 2009, in London to Angie and Azzedine Benhaffaf from East Cork, Ireland. They are attached at the chest but share no major organs.
Born December 2, 2009, in London to Angie and Azzedine Benhaffaf from East Cork, Ireland. They are attached at the chest but share no major organs.
April 8, 2010 - Undergo a 14-hour separation surgery at Great Ormond Street Hospital. Both survive.
Maria and Teresa Tapia
Born April 8, 2010, in the Dominican Republic to Lisandra Sanatis and Marino Tapia. They are joined at the lower chest and abdomen and share a liver, pancreatic glands, and part of their small intestine.
Born April 8, 2010, in the Dominican Republic to Lisandra Sanatis and Marino Tapia. They are joined at the lower chest and abdomen and share a liver, pancreatic glands, and part of their small intestine.
November 8, 2011 - Are successfully separated following a 20-hour procedure.
Joshua and Jacob Spates
Born January 24, 2011, in Memphis, Tennessee, to Adrienne Spates. They are joined back to back at the pelvis and lower spine, each with separate hearts, heads and limbs.
Born January 24, 2011, in Memphis, Tennessee, to Adrienne Spates. They are joined back to back at the pelvis and lower spine, each with separate hearts, heads and limbs.
August 29, 2011 - Are successfully separated after a 13-hour surgery.
October 2013 - Jacob Spates passes away. The cause of his death is not released.
Rital and Ritag Gaboura
Born September 22, 2010, in Khartoum, Sudan, to Abdelmajeed and Enas Gaboura. They are joined at the head.
Born September 22, 2010, in Khartoum, Sudan, to Abdelmajeed and Enas Gaboura. They are joined at the head.
August 15, 2011 - Are successfully separated after a four-stage operation. Two operations took place in May, one in July and the final operation in August.
Allison June and Amelia Lee Tucker
Born March 1, 2012, to Shellie and Greg Tucker. They are attached at the lower chest and abdomen and share their chest wall, diaphragm, pericardium and liver.
Born March 1, 2012, to Shellie and Greg Tucker. They are attached at the lower chest and abdomen and share their chest wall, diaphragm, pericardium and liver.
November 7, 2012 - Are successfully separated after a seven-hour surgery at Children's Hospital Philadelphia.
A'zhari and A'zhiah Lawrence
Born October 10, 2012, in Virginia to Nachell Jones and Carlos Lawrence. They are joined from the chest to the abdomen and have a conjoined liver.
Born October 10, 2012, in Virginia to Nachell Jones and Carlos Lawrence. They are joined from the chest to the abdomen and have a conjoined liver.
October 25, 2012 - An emergency surgery is performed to separate their liver.
April 22, 2013 - Are successfully separated following 14 hours of surgery.
October 14, 2013 - A'zhari passes away.
Emmett and Owen Ezell
Born July 15, 2013, in Dallas to Jenni and Dave Ezell. They are joined at the liver and the intestine.
Born July 15, 2013, in Dallas to Jenni and Dave Ezell. They are joined at the liver and the intestine.
August 24, 2013 - Are successfully separated.
Knatalye Hope and Adeline Faith Mata
Born April 11, 2014, in Houston to Elysse and John Matta. They are joined at the chest, sharing a liver, heart lining, diaphragm, intestines and colon.
Born April 11, 2014, in Houston to Elysse and John Matta. They are joined at the chest, sharing a liver, heart lining, diaphragm, intestines and colon.
February 17, 2015 - A team of 12 surgeons separate the sisters during a 26-hour procedure.
Erika and Eva Sandoval
Born August 10, 2014, in California to Aida and Arturo Sandoval. They are joined at the lower chest and upper abdomen and share a liver, bladder, two kidneys and three legs.
Born August 10, 2014, in California to Aida and Arturo Sandoval. They are joined at the lower chest and upper abdomen and share a liver, bladder, two kidneys and three legs.
December 6-7, 2016 - Are successfully separated after 17 hours of surgery at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford in California.
Acen and Apio Akello
Born September 23, 2014, in Uganda to Ester Akello. They are joined at the hip and pelvis.
Born September 23, 2014, in Uganda to Ester Akello. They are joined at the hip and pelvis.
September 3, 2015 - After more than 30 medical specialists help to separate the girls' spinal cord, the 16-hour surgery at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Ohio is successful. The medical specialists used 3-D printing to create anatomies similar to the girls to prepare for the surgery.
Carter and Conner Mirabal
Born December 12, 2014, in Jacksonville, Florida, to Michelle Brantley and Bryan Mirabal. They are joined at the sternum and abdomen and share a liver and part of their small intestines.
Born December 12, 2014, in Jacksonville, Florida, to Michelle Brantley and Bryan Mirabal. They are joined at the sternum and abdomen and share a liver and part of their small intestines.
May 7, 2015 - Are successfully separated after 12 hours of surgery at Wolfson Children's Hospital in Florida.
Scarlett and Ximena Torres
Born May 16, 2015, in Corpus Christi, Texas to Silvia Hernandez and Raul Torres. Scarlett and Ximena are connected below the waist, sharing a colon and a bladder.
Born May 16, 2015, in Corpus Christi, Texas to Silvia Hernandez and Raul Torres. Scarlett and Ximena are connected below the waist, sharing a colon and a bladder.
April 12, 2016 - Scarlett and Ximena are separated during a 12-hour procedure at the Driscoll Children's Hospital in Texas.
Anias and Jadon McDonald
Born on September 9, 2015, in Chicago to Nicole and Christian McDonald. They are joined at the head.
Born on September 9, 2015, in Chicago to Nicole and Christian McDonald. They are joined at the head.
October 13-14, 2016 - Anias and Jadon are successfully separated after 27 hours of surgery at the Children's Hospital at Montefiore Medical Center in New York.
November 8, 2016 - The lead surgeon tells CNN that the twins are recovering "right on target, if not ahead of schedule."
Dawa and Nima Pelden
Born on July 13, 2017, in Bhutan to Bhumchu Zangmo. They are joined at the abdomen.
Born on July 13, 2017, in Bhutan to Bhumchu Zangmo. They are joined at the abdomen.
October 10, 2018 - Surgery is postponed in order to give the girls additional nutritional support.
November 9, 2018 - Dawa and Nima are successfully separated after a six hour surgery at Melbourne Royal Children's Hospital in Australia.
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